Molecular detection of sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ rifampicin resistance among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Borno state, North‑Eastern Nigeria
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Abstract
Background: Drug resistance to anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) medication and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection undermines global control of TB.
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine sputum mycobacteria/rifampicin resistance obtained from Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay in five health facilities in Borno state.
Methods: Records of 5518 presumptive TB cases that presented for care from September 2014 to December 2017 were retrieved from TB registers in this multicentre descriptive study.
Results: A total of 5518 pulmonary TB presumptive cases, out of which 5484 were drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and 34 drug-resistant TB (DRTB). The MTB detection rate was 19.1% and it was higher among DRTB with rate of 41.2% than DSTB of 19.0%. The prevalence of rifampicin resistance was 6.1%, with higher preponderance rate of 78.6% among DRTB cases than 5.1% among DSTB cases. Only 2566 (46.5%) had HIV counselling and testing. The MTB detection rate of 22.1% in HIV-negative patients was significantly higher than 16.5% in HIV patients, P = 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.27–8.93. Conversely, RIF resistance of 7.0% obtained in HIV patients was significantly higher than 4.8% in HIV-negative patients, P = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.06–4.34. Previous TB treatment was significantly associated with RIF resistance, P = 0.000, odd ratio = 1318.1, 95% CI = 302.1–6318.3.
Conclusion: GeneXpert is a valuable tool for the detection of both MTB and RIF resistance. It is therefore useful for both management and TB infection prevention and control. Given the observed strong association between previous exposure to anti-TB medication and RIF resistance in this report, we advocate mandatory resistance test for TB patients with previous exposure to TB medication in addition to good adherence to TB medication.
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